Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that continued after the western half fell in the 5th century AD. Centered in Constantinople (modern Istanbul), it preserved Roman law and culture while evolving its own Greek-influenced identity. The Byzantines were known for their advancements in art, architecture, and theology, showcasing remarkable achievements like the Hagia Sophia. The empire played a crucial role in protecting Europe from invasions and was a center of trade and diplomacy until its fall to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, marking the end of Roman influence in the region.