Sumerians

The Sumerians were an ancient civilization that emerged around 4500 BCE in southern Mesopotamia, in present-day Iraq. They are known for creating one of the world's first writing systems, cuneiform, which they used to record information and stories. The Sumerians built advanced cities, developed a complex government, and made significant contributions to agriculture, mathematics, and astronomy. They practiced polytheism, worshiping many gods related to nature and city-states. Their innovations laid foundational elements of culture, including laws and literature, influencing subsequent civilizations in the region and beyond.