The English Civil War

The English Civil War (1642-1651) was a conflict between Parliamentarians (Roundheads) and Royalists (Cavaliers) over how England should be governed. Key issues included the balance of power between the monarchy, led by King Charles I, and Parliament. Tensions escalated into civil war, resulting in significant battles, political upheaval, and social change. The war ended with Charles I's execution and the establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. It fundamentally altered the monarchy's power and laid the groundwork for modern parliamentary democracy in England, influencing political thought and governance worldwide.