Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom was a Hellenistic state in northeastern Africa that lasted from 305 to 30 BC, founded by Ptolemy I, a general of Alexander the Great. Centered in Egypt, it blended Greek and Egyptian cultures, with its capital at Alexandria, a hub for trade, scholarship, and the famous Library of Alexandria. The Ptolemies ruled as pharaohs, promoting arts and sciences while maintaining power through diplomacy and military strength. The kingdom ended when Cleopatra VII, the last Ptolemaic ruler, fell to Rome, marking a significant transition in ancient history as Egypt became a Roman province.