Sumerian Period

The Sumerian Period, occurring around 4500 to 1900 BCE in ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), marks the emergence of one of the world's first complex societies. The Sumerians developed cities like Ur and Uruk, pioneered writing with cuneiform, and advanced in agriculture, trade, and governance. They created monumental architecture, including ziggurats, and established religious practices centered around powerful gods. This era laid the foundation for subsequent cultures in the region, influencing language, law, and city planning, and is significant for its contributions to human civilization and innovation.