pH scale

The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging from 0 to 14. A pH of 7 is neutral, like pure water. Values below 7 indicate acidity, with lower numbers being more acidic (like vinegar or lemon juice). Values above 7 indicate alkalinity or basicity, with higher numbers being more basic (like baking soda or bleach). The scale is logarithmic, meaning each step represents a tenfold difference in hydrogen ion concentration. Understanding pH helps determine how substances interact, whether they’re safe to touch, or suitable for biological processes.