Topology

Topology, in mathematics, is essentially the study of shapes and spaces. This isn't limited to simple shapes like squares or circles, but also any kind of space, curve, surface, or dimension, including those we can't visualize easily. Topology examines properties that do not change, even when the shapes are bent, stretched, or twisted. For instance, a donut and a coffee cup share the same topology because each has one hole. Despite looking different, they're considered the same in topology. However, a sphere, having no holes, would be different.