The Mamluks

The Mamluks were a powerful political and military class in medieval Egypt and the Levant, known for their slave-soldier origins. Beginning in the 9th century, they rose to prominence after seizing control from the Ayyubid dynasty in the 13th century. Renowned for their military prowess, they successfully defended against Mongolian invasions and Crusaders. The Mamluk Sultanate lasted until the early 16th century, when the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt. Their legacy includes impressive architectural developments, such as the Sultan Hassan Mosque, and a significant cultural contribution to Islamic art and governance.