Sultanate of Mamlūk

The Mamlūk Sultanate was a medieval Islamic state that existed from 1250 to 1517 in Egypt and parts of the Middle East. It was unique because its rulers, called Mamlūks, were originally enslaved soldiers who gained power through military prowess. They established a strong, centralized government, maintaining control over trade, politics, and military affairs. The Mamlūks are known for defeating the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut and for their vibrant Islamic culture, architecture, and scholarship. Eventually, their sultanate ended when the Ottoman Empire conquered Egypt, marking the decline of their independent rule.