integer quantum Hall effect

The integer quantum Hall effect is a phenomenon observed in 2D materials at very low temperatures and strong magnetic fields. When an electric current flows through such a material, its resistance behaves unusually and quantizes into discrete values, known as "Hall plateaus." This means that the resistance drops suddenly to set values, dependent on the strength of the magnetic field and the properties of the material. This effect arises from the behavior of electrons in these conditions, and it has significant implications for understanding quantum mechanics and has potential applications in developing precise measurement standards.