integer quantum Hall state

The integer quantum Hall state occurs in very thin, clean materials subjected to strong magnetic fields at low temperatures. In this state, electrons occupy discrete, stable energy levels called Landau levels. When the magnetic field is tuned correctly, electrons fill these levels in whole-number amounts, leading to quantized electrical resistance—specifically, the Hall resistance becomes a precise, fixed value. This phenomenon reveals that electrical conductance can be exact and stable, reflecting fundamental constants of nature. It provides deep insights into quantum physics and has practical applications in defining precise electrical standards.