Hall conductance

Hall conductance is a measure of how easily electric charge flows perpendicular to an applied electric field in certain materials, typically under strong magnetic fields. When an electric current passes through a material in a magnetic field, charge carriers (like electrons) experience a force that pushes them sideways, creating a voltage across the material. This effect, known as the Hall effect, results in quantized steps of conductance, called Hall conductance, which are very precise and related to fundamental constants. It provides insights into the material's electronic properties and underpins technologies like quantum Hall sensors.