quantum Hall state

The quantum Hall state occurs when electrons in a very thin, two-dimensional material are exposed to a strong magnetic field at very low temperatures. Under these conditions, the electrons form stable, orderly patterns that result in precise, quantized electrical resistance values. This phenomenon reveals that electrical conduction becomes robust and immune to disturbances, highlighting the quantum nature of matter. The quantum Hall effect has profound implications for understanding fundamental physics and developing advanced technologies like highly accurate electrical standards and topological quantum computers.