low-dimensional systems

Low-dimensional systems are physical or mathematical models where behavior occurs in just one, two, or three dimensions, rather than in higher dimensions. Think of a line (1D), a surface (2D), or a volume (3D) where particles or properties are confined to specific directions. These systems often display unique properties, like enhanced fluctuations or quantum effects, due to their limited degrees of freedom. They are important in areas like nanotechnology and condensed matter physics, helping us understand phenomena in materials such as thin films, nanowires, and quantum dots.