19th century

The 19th century, spanning from 1801 to 1900, was a period of significant change and progress, often associated with the Industrial Revolution. This era saw the rise of factories, urbanization, and technological advancements, which transformed economies and societies. Key events included the expansion of European empires, the American Civil War, and movements for social reforms, including abolition and women's rights. The century also witnessed major scientific discoveries and artistic movements, such as Romanticism and Realism, influencing culture and thought. Ultimately, the 19th century laid the foundation for the modern world through innovations and shifts in political and social structures.