underground ecosystems

Underground ecosystems refer to the complex habitats and biological communities found beneath the Earth’s surface, primarily in soil and subsoil. These ecosystems include a variety of organisms such as bacteria, fungi, insects, and plant roots. They play a crucial role in nutrient cycling, soil formation, and water filtration, supporting life above ground. The health of underground ecosystems is vital for agriculture, as they enhance soil fertility and plant growth. Additionally, they help regulate environmental processes, contributing to climate stability and biodiversity. Understanding these hidden networks is essential for ecological balance and sustainable practices.