sp3 hybridization

sp³ hybridization refers to the merging of one s orbital and three p orbitals from an atom's electron cloud to create four equivalent hybrid orbitals. This process occurs in atoms like carbon, forming a tetrahedral geometry that allows for strong bonding with other atoms. Each hybrid orbital can hold a pair of electrons, facilitating the formation of single covalent bonds. Essentially, sp³ hybridization explains how atoms like carbon can form stable molecules, such as methane (CH₄), with specific shapes and bonding properties that contribute to the diversity of organic compounds.