sp3 lone pair

An sp³ lone pair refers to a pair of electrons that occupy a specific type of orbital called an sp³ orbital, which forms when one s orbital and three p orbitals combine in an atom. In molecules, atoms often share or keep these electrons—lone pairs—without bonding to another atom. An sp³ lone pair is localized on an atom, influencing the molecule's shape and reactivity. It occupies space like bonding pairs but doesn't form a bond, affecting physical and chemical properties by creating areas of negative charge and repulsion that shape the geometry of the molecule.