nucleophiles

Nucleophiles are molecules or ions that donate electrons to form chemical bonds. They are often rich in electrons, allowing them to react with electron-deficient parts of other molecules, known as electrophiles. This donation of electrons is crucial in many chemical reactions, including those in organic chemistry. Nucleophiles play a significant role in processes like substitution and addition reactions, impacting everything from industrial chemical production to biological systems. Common examples include hydroxide ions (OH⁻) and ammonia (NH₃). Understanding nucleophiles helps us grasp how substances interact and change in various chemical environments.