electrophilic aromatic substitution

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is a chemical process where an atom or group (called an electrophile) replaces a hydrogen atom on an aromatic ring, such as benzene. The aromatic ring, which is a stable, ring-shaped structure of electrons, reacts by attracting the electrophile to a specific position. During the reaction, the ring temporarily loses some of its stability but quickly regains it after the substitution. This process is common in making dyes, medicines, and plastics, allowing chemists to create new compounds by attaching different groups to aromatic rings efficiently.