Mesopotamian civilization

Mesopotamian civilization, emerging around 3500 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern-day Iraq), is considered one of the world's earliest complex societies. It is known for developing writing (cuneiform), establishing city-states like Babylon and Ur, and creating significant advancements in law, astronomy, and mathematics. Mesopotamians practiced agriculture, leading to food surpluses that supported urbanization. Their cultures included Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians, who contributed to art, literature (like the Epic of Gilgamesh), and religious beliefs. Mesopotamian innovations laid the groundwork for future civilizations in the region and beyond.