Thyroid Disease Pathophysiology

Thyroid disease occurs when the thyroid gland, located in the neck, produces either too much or too little thyroid hormone, which regulates metabolism and energy levels. An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) can speed up bodily functions, leading to weight loss, anxiety, and increased heart rate. Conversely, an underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) slows down metabolism, causing fatigue, weight gain, and depression. These imbalances can result from autoimmune disorders, inflammation, or nodules affecting hormone production. Proper diagnosis and management are essential for maintaining overall health and preventing complications related to these hormonal imbalances.