Thyroid Physiology

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located at the front of the neck. It produces hormones, primarily thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism, energy production, and overall body functions. Its activity is controlled by the pituitary gland, which releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) when energy levels drop. Proper thyroid function is vital for growth, development, and maintaining a healthy weight, mood, and temperature regulation. An imbalance, whether too much or too little hormone, can lead to conditions like hypothyroidism (underactive) or hyperthyroidism (overactive), causing various health issues.