second law of thermodynamics
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that in any energy exchange, the total entropy, or disorder, of a closed system will either increase or remain the same over time. This means that energy tends to spread out and become less useful for doing work. For example, when heat spreads from a hot object to a cooler one, the overall energy becomes more disordered. Essentially, this law explains why natural processes, like ice melting or a room becoming warmer, happen in one direction and why it's impossible to create a perpetual motion machine.
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The second law of thermodynamics states that in any energy transfer or transformation, the total entropy, or disorder, in a closed system tends to increase over time. This means that natural processes tend to move toward a state of greater disorder and that energy spontaneously spreads out unless constrained. For example, when you open a perfume bottle, the scent disperses throughout the room, increasing disorder. Essentially, this law implies that energy efficiency is limited, and systems naturally evolve toward equilibrium, which helps explain why processes like heat flow and energy conversion are not 100% efficient.