Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Thermodynamic equilibrium is a state in which a system’s properties, such as temperature, pressure, and chemical concentration, are uniform and stable throughout, meaning there are no net changes occurring over time. In classical thermodynamics, this is essential for predictable behavior, allowing us to apply established laws. In contrast, non-equilibrium thermodynamics deals with systems that are not in equilibrium, where gradients and changes exist, leading to dynamic processes like heat flow or chemical reactions. Understanding both states helps us explore how energy and matter interact in various conditions, from everyday experiences to complex scientific phenomena.