Non-equilibrium Thermodynamics

Non-equilibrium thermodynamics is the study of how energy moves and changes form, particularly when systems are imbalanced and returning to equilibrium. Unlike traditional thermodynamics that assumes a system is in balance, this discipline focuses on periods of change and transition. Imagine a hot cup of tea: equilibrium thermodynamics describes it when it's settled and lukewarm, while non-equilibrium thermodynamics explores the process as it cools down, such as the steam leaving the cup. It's key in understanding natural phenomena, chemical reactions and biological processes.