OSI Model

The OSI model, or Open Systems Interconnection model, is a framework that standardizes how different networking systems communicate. It has seven layers, each with specific functions: 1. **Physical** (transmits raw data) 2. **Data Link** (error detection and correction) 3. **Network** (routing across networks) 4. **Transport** (end-to-end communication) 5. **Session** (managing sessions) 6. **Presentation** (data format translation) 7. **Application** (interface for user applications). These layers work together to ensure reliable communication between devices, helping to troubleshoot and design network systems efficiently.