seven-layer model

The seven-layer model, often referred to as the OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) model, is a conceptual framework used to understand how different networking systems communicate. Each of the seven layers represents a specific function in the data transmission process: 1. **Physical**: Handles the actual hardware connections. 2. **Data Link**: Manages direct connections between devices. 3. **Network**: Routes data between different networks. 4. **Transport**: Ensures data transfer reliability and accuracy. 5. **Session**: Manages sessions between applications. 6. **Presentation**: Translates data formats for applications. 7. **Application**: Interfaces directly with user applications. This structured approach helps in designing and troubleshooting network systems effectively.