Mesopotamian Civilizations

Mesopotamian civilizations, including Sumer, Akkad, Babylon, and Assyria, were among the earliest complex societies in human history, emerging around 3000 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (modern-day Iraq). They are known for innovations like writing (cuneiform), the wheel, and advanced agriculture. These cultures established monumental architecture, such as ziggurats, and developed early laws and trade systems. Their achievements laid foundational elements for future civilizations and greatly influenced later cultures around the Mediterranean, contributing to advancements in governance, literature, and science that shaped the course of history.