19th century Afghanistan

In the 19th century, Afghanistan was a strategic buffer state between the British Empire in India and Russia's expansion in Central Asia. Various local rulers and tribal leaders struggled for power, as Afghanistan experienced internal conflicts and shifting alliances. The British launched two invasions (1839-42 and 1878-80) to establish control, both leading to significant conflict and eventual withdrawal. Afghanistan's rugged terrain and tribal society made it difficult for foreign powers to maintain lasting influence, setting the stage for its ongoing struggles for sovereignty and stability throughout the 20th century.