primary succession

Primary succession is the gradual process of ecosystem development that occurs in lifeless areas where no soil exists, such as after a volcanic eruption or glacial retreat. It begins with the colonization of pioneer species, like lichens and mosses, which can survive harsh conditions. As these organisms break down rocks and contribute organic matter, soil starts to form. Over time, this allows larger plants, such as grasses and shrubs, to take root, eventually leading to a mature ecosystem like a forest. This process can take hundreds to thousands of years, showcasing nature’s resilience and adaptability.