functional groups

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic reactions of those molecules. They determine how a compound behaves chemically and influence its physical properties. Common functional groups include hydroxyl (–OH) in alcohols, carboxyl (–COOH) in acids, and amino (–NH2) in amines. Each group has distinct properties, allowing chemists to predict how different substances will interact. By identifying the functional groups in a molecule, scientists can understand its functions and potential uses in areas like pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and materials science.