19th century Ottoman leaders

In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire faced internal challenges and Western pressures. Key leaders included Mahmud II, who modernized the military and administration, paving the way for reform. His reign introduced the Tanzimat reforms, aimed at modernizing the empire's legal and educational systems. Abdulmecid I continued these reforms, promoting European-style governance and rights for non-Muslims. However, the empire struggled with nationalism and territorial losses. Leaders like Enver Pasha and Talaat Pasha later sought to centralize power during World War I, but their efforts contributed to further decline and eventual dissolution of the empire after the war.