18th-century Austria

In the 18th century, Austria was a major European power, part of the Habsburg Monarchy. It was characterized by a diverse population, including Germans, Hungarians, Czechs, and Italians. Under Empress Maria Theresa and later her son Joseph II, the empire experienced reforms in administration, education, and religious tolerance. The period was marked by wars, including conflicts with Prussia and the Ottoman Empire, as well as internal challenges in balancing various national identities. The arts flourishing during this era contributed significantly to Austria’s cultural heritage, laying the groundwork for its future influence in Europe.