the Kondo effect

The Kondo effect is a phenomenon observed in certain materials at low temperatures, where magnetic impurities (like individual atoms with unpaired electrons) cause an unexpected increase in electrical resistance. Normally, impurities disrupt electrical flow, but in the Kondo effect, electrons form a cloud around the magnetic impurity, enhancing scattering and leading to higher resistance. This behavior emerges in metals with a mix of magnetic and non-magnetic properties and highlights complex interactions between electrons, reflecting quantum mechanical principles in a practical scenario. It has implications in condensed matter physics and materials science.