spin fluctuations

Spin fluctuations refer to the temporary, random changes in the magnetic orientations (or "spins") of electrons within a material. Electrons have a property called spin, which contributes to magnetism. In some materials, spins tend to align or stay stable, creating magnetic order. However, thermal energy and quantum effects cause spins to fluctuate, especially at higher temperatures. These fluctuations affect the material's magnetic properties and can influence electronic behavior, such as conductivity and superconductivity. In essence, spin fluctuations are the dynamic, ongoing shifts in how electrons' magnetic moments point, shaping the overall magnetic characteristics of the material.