Kondo effect

The Kondo effect is a quantum phenomenon observed in certain metals with tiny magnetic impurities. Normally, metals conduct electricity smoothly, but when magnetic impurities are present, they interact with the conduction electrons at low temperatures. This interaction causes the electrons to form a correlated cloud around the impurity, effectively screening its magnetic moment. As a result, the metal's electrical resistance unexpectedly increases at very low temperatures. This effect reveals how magnetic interactions influence electron behavior in materials and is important in understanding phenomena like metallic conductivity and developing nanoscale electronic components.