Seismic Refraction

Seismic refraction is a method used in geophysics to explore the Earth's subsurface. When seismic waves from an earthquake or artificial source travel through different geological layers, they change speed at layer boundaries, bending or "refracting." By measuring the time it takes for these waves to return to the surface, scientists can infer the depth and type of materials below, such as rock or sediment. This technique helps in various applications, including oil exploration, groundwater studies, and understanding earthquake risks. Essentially, it's a way to "see" underground structures without digging.