particle interactions

Particle interactions refer to the ways in which subatomic particles—like electrons, protons, and neutrons—affect each other. These interactions are governed by fundamental forces: gravitational, electromagnetic, strong, and weak forces. For example, the electromagnetic force causes electrons to orbit around atomic nuclei, while the strong force holds protons and neutrons together in the nucleus. Interactions between particles are essential for forming atoms, molecules, and, ultimately, all matter in the universe. Understanding these interactions helps explain everything from the behavior of elements to the workings of stars and the evolution of the cosmos.