Muslim Spain (Al-Andalus)

Muslim Spain, known as Al-Andalus, was a region on the Iberian Peninsula ruled by Islamic states from the early 8th to the late 15th century. It began with the Muslim conquest in 711 and led to a flourishing of culture, science, and art during a period of relative tolerance among Muslims, Christians, and Jews. Major cities like Córdoba and Granada became centers of learning and architecture. Al-Andalus significantly influenced European culture and knowledge, especially during the Renaissance, before gradually falling to Christian Reconquista campaigns, culminating in 1492 with the fall of Granada.