Minerals (e.g., olivine, basalt)

Minerals are natural substances found in the earth, each with a specific chemical composition and structure. For example, olivine is a green mineral commonly found in volcanic rock and is important for understanding the earth's mantle. Basalt, on the other hand, is a dark, fine-grained rock formed from cooled lava, often seen in volcanic landscapes. Together, these minerals help geologists study the earth's formation, volcanic activity, and the processes that shape our planet over time. They are essential components of the Earth’s crust and provide insights into geological history and the environment.