Lunar surface composition

The lunar surface is primarily composed of rock and dust, predominantly basalt and anorthosite. These materials are rich in minerals like silicates, which include oxygen, silicon, iron, magnesium, and calcium. The moon's surface features fine gray soil called regolith, formed by countless tiny impacts that have shattered the rocks over billions of years. It lacks significant moisture or atmosphere, leading to extreme temperature variations. The presence of large impact craters and volcanic regions, along with areas of highland and mare (dark basaltic plains), gives the moon its distinctive appearance.