cave formations

Cave formations, also known as speleothems, are natural structures that develop in caves primarily through the chemical processes involving water and minerals. When rainwater absorbs carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and soil, it forms a weak acid. As this acidic water seeps through cracks in rock, it dissolves limestone, depositing minerals like calcium carbonate as it drips. Over time, these deposits create structures such as stalactites (hanging from the ceiling), stalagmites (growing from the floor), and columns (where stalactites and stalagmites meet). The rate of formation can vary, typically ranging from a few millimeters to several centimeters per year.