19th century Spain

In the 19th century, Spain faced significant challenges including political instability, regional conflicts, and social upheaval. The century began with the Peninsular War (1808-1814) against Napoleon's forces, leading to the emergence of liberal ideas and the establishment of the Cadiz Constitution in 1812. The period was marked by civil wars, such as the Carlist Wars, as factions vied for control between conservative monarchists and progressive liberals. Spain also experienced economic difficulties and the loss of most of its colonies in the Americas during the late 1800s. These events shaped modern Spanish identity and governance.