19th-century Ottoman Empire

The 19th-century Ottoman Empire was a vast and diverse state that spanned Southeast Europe, Western Asia, and North Africa. It faced significant challenges, including modernization pressures, nationalist movements among its various ethnic groups, and European imperial competition. Reforms known as the Tanzimat aimed to modernize the military and administration, promote equal rights, and improve infrastructure. Despite efforts to adapt, the empire struggled with internal strife and external threats, leading to territorial losses. By the early 20th century, it was in decline, ultimately culminating in its dissolution after World War I and the establishment of modern Turkey in 1923.