19th century Europe

19th century Europe was a period of significant change, marked by the Industrial Revolution, where advancements in technology transformed economies and societies. It was also a time of political upheaval, with movements for democracy and national unification, such as the unification of Germany and Italy. This century saw the rise of ideologies like nationalism, liberalism, and socialism. The effects of imperialism expanded European powers overseas, while social issues, including worker rights and women’s suffrage, gained prominence. Cultural developments flourished in art, literature, and philosophy, reflecting both optimism and the challenges of modernity.