16th-century Spain

In the 16th century, Spain emerged as a dominant European power, marked by the unification of its kingdoms under Ferdinand and Isabella, the explorers' conquests, and the establishment of a vast overseas empire in the Americas. This era, known as the Spanish Golden Age, saw flourishing arts and literature, highlighted by figures like Cervantes and El Greco. Spain was also deeply influenced by the Catholic Church, leading to the Inquisition and efforts to maintain religious orthodoxy. Despite its wealth and power, the century ended with economic challenges and military conflicts that marked the beginning of its decline as a superpower.