The Scottish Wars of Independence

The Scottish Wars of Independence were a series of conflicts from the late 13th to early 14th centuries between Scotland and England. Triggered by disputes over Scottish succession and English claims to the Scottish throne, key figures like William Wallace and Robert the Bruce emerged as leaders. The wars featured notable battles such as Stirling Bridge and Falkirk. In 1320, the Scots asserted their independence with the Declaration of Arbroath. The conflicts ultimately established Scotland's sovereignty, culminating in the Treaty of Northampton in 1328, although tensions with England continued for centuries.