Sultan Abdulhamid II

Sultan Abdulhamid II was the Ottoman Empire's leader from 1876 to 1909. He was known for his autocratic rule and efforts to modernize the empire through reforms in education, infrastructure, and the military. He faced various challenges, including nationalism within diverse ethnic groups and external pressures from European powers. Abdulhamid II was also known for his controversial use of censorship and repression of dissent. His reign ended when he was deposed by the Young Turks, a reformist political movement, as they sought to restore a constitutional government. His legacy is complex, reflecting both modernization efforts and authoritarianism.