Stephen Toulmin

Stephen Toulmin was a philosopher known for his work in informal logic, which focuses on everyday reasoning rather than formal arguments. He developed a model of argumentation that emphasizes the context and real-world applications of reasoning. Toulmin also explored how scientific theories change over time, highlighting that scientific progress is often non-linear and influenced by social and historical factors. In philosophy of biology, he examined the complexities of biological explanations and the interplay between facts and values in scientific inquiry. His work encourages a more nuanced understanding of reasoning and knowledge in various disciplines.